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In 2006, the Federal Government amended the Family Law Act to incorporate shared parenting provisions.

These Family Law act amendments were heralded for finally providing for meaningful equal time or shared parenting outcomes, but under what conditions was at that point not fully clear.

After 8 years of operation, the effect of these reforms is finally clear.

This article will consider the meaning of “reasonably practicable” as it appears in section 65DAA of the FLA , and how it operates to allow or prevent cases where one of the parties seeks equal time or shared parenting orders.

Section 65DAA(1) of the FLA provides that:

(1) If a parenting order provides (or is to provide) that a child’s parents are to have equal shared parental responsibility for the child, the court must:

(a) Consider whether the child spending equal time with each of the parents would be in the best interests of the child; and

(b) Consider whether the child spending equal time with each of the parents is reasonably practicable [my emphasis]; and

(c) If it is, consider making an order to provide (or including a provision in the order) for the child to spend equal time with each of the parents. ¹

Subsection (2) provides that if a parenting order provides that a child’s parents are to have equal and shared parental responsibility for the child but the court does not make an order for the child to spend equal time with the parents, then the court must consider whether the child should spend substantial and significant time with each of the parents having regard to the best interest of the child and whether it is reasonably practicable. ²

Subsection (5), meanwhile, provides that in determining whether it is reasonably practicable, the court must have regard to a list of factors. [3 Ibid]

According to part VII of the FLA, parents are assumed to have equal shared responsibility. The presumption applies except where there are reasonable grounds to believe that a parent of the child has engaged in violence or abuse or the presumption is otherwise rebutted by evidence. ³

Application of s 65DAA

There has been some uncertainty about the application of s 65DAA. This uncertainty was clarified by the High Court in the case of MRR v GR ⁴ HCA 4] in 2010. The High Court in 2010 reversed a long line of Federal Court decisions which it held were contrary to the intent of s 65DAA in the FLA.

Prior to 2010, the Federal Court had held that a court is only required to consider if an equal time arrangement is reasonably practicable and in the child’s best interests and a court is at liberty to make such orders as may be in the child’s best interests ⁵

Similarly, Taylor v Barker suggested a court need only consider whether an arrangement is reasonably practicable. In Korban, the court held that:

When there is an order for equal shared parental responsibility, or a court proposes to make such an order (as was agreed in this case) the legislation obliges a court to consider whether the child spending equal time with each of the parents would be in the best interests of the child; and whether the child spending equal time with each of the parents is reasonably practicable; and if it is, consider making such an order [My emphasis]. ⁶ FamCAFC 143]

Thus, prior to 2010, the Federal Courts interpreted s 65DAA as giving them a wide discretionary power in taking account whether the child spending equal time was in their best interest and was reasonably practical.

The High Court, however, rejected this approach. MRR v GR ⁷ was a case about parenting order made in pursuant of part VII of the FLA. In that case, a family, comprising of two parents and a child (M), had moved from their residence in Sydney, NSW to Mount Isa in Queensland. The couple subsequently separated with the mother returning to her family home in Sydney and the father remaining in Mount Isa. The father applied for a parenting order under the FLA.

In the Federal Magistrates Court, FM John Coker made an order providing that M spend equal time with both parents, however, he also provided that if the mother should leave Mount Isa then the father would have sole custody of the child. The mother unsuccessfully appealed to the Federal Court. The High Court granted special leave to hear the case.

In MR v GRR, the High Court held that s 65DAA (1) is expressed in imperative terms. It obliges the court to consider both the question whether it is in the best interests of the child to spend equal time (par (a)) with each of the parents and the question whether it is reasonably practicable (par (b)) that the child spend equal time with each of them.It is only where both questions are answered in the affirmative that consideration may be given, under par (c), to the making of an order ⁸

Thus, a determination that it is reasonably practical that equal time be spent with each parent is a “statutory condition which must be fulfilled” before the court has a power to make a parenting order granting equal time.⁹ In other words, the court’s power to order equal time is contingent upon the court finding, as a matter of fact, that spending equal time is reasonably practicable.

Thus, on the facts of the case, the High Court held that the evidence did not allow the Court to conclude that an equal time order was reasonably practicable as per s 65DAA (1)(b), thus, the Court concluded that there was no power to grant an equal time order.

What is Reasonably Practicable?

In deciding whether it is reasonably practicable for the child to spend equal time under with both parents the Court must have regard to a host of factors. These factors are listed in s 65DAA(5) ¹⁰. When deciding whether an arrangement is reasonably practical, the Court will look at:

1. how far apart the parents live from each other; and
2. the parents’ ability to implement an arrangement for the child spending equal time, or substantial and significant time, with each of the parents; and
3. the parents’ ability to resolve difficulties in relation to the proposed arrangements; and
4. the impact that an arrangement of that kind would have on the child; and
5. any other matters as the court considers relevant.

Distance Between Shared Households

One important factor in deciding whether it is reasonably practicable for an equal time arrangement to be made is the distance between shared households. In Acharya v Sinha, ¹¹ FamCA 1041, 322] it was held that the question of how far apart the parents live with each other would raise issues of great significance about reasonable practicality.

In MRR v GR, Justice Kenneth Hayne stated that in circumstances where the parents are living at a distance, reasonable practicality involves questions whether a party has to move ¹² HCATrans 248]. The court further held that reasonable practicality encompasses issues such as the financial impact one of the party having to move to another places bearing in mind the prospects of finding employment, finding reasonable accommodation and, more generally, the quality of living conditions ¹³

In Polites v Stathos, ¹⁴ FamCA 1002 89] the court held that it was not reasonably practicable for the courts to order equal time arrangements with their parents because, partly, of the distance between the parent’s households. The parties in that case only lived 40 kilometres apart. The mother lived at the Northern Beaches in Sydney while the father lived in Sydney’s west. The children attended school at an unspecified suburb.

The court held that “the number of kilometres between the households might not preclude equal time were it not for the fact that it spans much of one of the busiest cities in the world.” Thus, “it would be burdensome for the children and could adversely impact on their parenting if they were to regularly travel across Sydney to go to and from school.”

Conclusion

In conclusion, when making an order under s 65DAA for an equal time arrangement, the Court must come to the conclusion whether it is reasonably practicable to do so.

In having regards to whether it is reasonably practicable, the court must consider the distance between the parent’s household and whether either of the parents would have to move in order for an equal time order to be reasonably practicable. The court is bound to have regard to the distance between the parties as well as the financial implications for a parent if that parent moved.

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Prajesh Shrestha

Online Legal Information Author at Family Law Express

'My name is Prajesh Shrestha and I am currently in my 3rd year of the Juris Doctor at the University of Sydney.Upon graduating, I am interested in becoming a legal practitioner. My areas of interest includes family law and conveyancing. I also have a strong and abiding interest in social justice and as such I am undertaking a legal internship at the Public Interest Advocacy Centre performing legal research, client interviews and drafting.

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